Pranay Karkale is spending years of savings and $US60,000 ($A91,000) in student loans to pursue a master's degree in the United States, yet he considers himself lucky.
At home in India, it's common to hear about families selling off their land to send children to universities overseas.
Karkale was willing to do whatever it took once he got into Johns Hopkins University.
A degree from a prestigious US college, he believed, would open doors to a better job and higher pay than he would find in India.
"I don't feel like I would have gotten the same level of education that I get here," Karkale, 23, said.
Historic numbers of students from India are studying at foreign universities as a fast-growing, aspirational generation of young people looks for opportunities they can't find at home.
India estimates 1.5 million students are studying at universities elsewhere - an eightfold increase since 2012 - with no country attracting more than the US.
It represents a loss for India - with many students seeing universities as stepping stones for careers overseas - but a boon for American schools.
As record-setting enrolment by students from China has ebbed, US universities have turned to India as a new source of full-price tuition payments.
India's economy is growing, but joblessness remains persistent even for college graduates.
Jobs are being created in fields such as construction and agriculture, but they don't meet the demands of a newly educated workforce, said Rosa Abraham, an economist at Azim Premji University.
"I think many young people today feel like the economy isn't meeting their potential, their aspirations, and so they want to try their chances abroad if they can," she said.
India's own higher education system is also short on capacity.
Competition for admission to India's top universities has become frenzied as its population surges.
Acceptance rates at some elite Indian universities have fallen as low as 0.2 per cent, compared to 3.0 per cent at Harvard University and 4.0 per cent at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lokesh Sangabattula, who is pursuing a PhD in materials science at MIT, is among many hoping to land jobs inside the US.
There's little demand for materials scientists in India, he said, and at best he figures he could become a professor.
It's a similar story for engineers, which India generates in huge numbers without the industry to employ them.
"We produce engineers whose degrees don't have value, so people leave the country," he said.
Universities in Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom also are seeing surging interest, but none more than the US, where universities enroll almost 269,000 students from India.
With that number soaring, including a 35 per cent increase in the 2022-23 academic year, India is on the verge of replacing China as the largest international presence on US college campuses.
The vast majority are coming for graduate programs, often in science, maths and engineering - fields that have faced persistent labour shortages in the US - although undergraduate numbers also are rising as India's middle class expands.
One selling point is the chance to work in America for up to three years after graduating, a benefit provided by the US government and known as optional practical training.
For Karkale, staying in India never felt like an option.
As an undergraduate in India, he became interested in engineering management, which merges engineering and leadership skills.
It's a growing industry in the US and Europe, but Karkale, who is from the western Indian state of Maharashtra, couldn't find any master's programs in India.
At Hopkins, he's gaining professional work experience arranged by the school, a rarity at Indian universities, he said.
Ultimately he wants to return to India, but the most appealing jobs are elsewhere.
After graduating, he plans to work in the US for at least a year or two.
If he could find the right job in India, he said, "I would hop right back".
The surge has helped the bottom line of American colleges, which charge international students higher tuition rates.
It comes as many Americans sour on higher education, citing concerns about student debt and the perception of liberal bias at universities.
The number of students coming from China has been declining as a result of chilly political ties and a stagnant Chinese economy.
In India, American universities have become a common presence at college fairs.
Many are spending big to gain name recognition in India, and they are fanning farther across the country to recruit in smaller cities and towns, where demand to study abroad has been rising.
Still, for the vast majority of India's young people, an overseas education remains out of reach.
The cost of a US education is a fortune for most, and Indian banks have scaled back on student loans in response to high default rates.
Even for those who can afford it, the student visa process presents roadblocks.
At the US embassy in New Delhi, student applicants are routinely turned away.
On a recent Friday, Daisy Cheema slumped her shoulders and sighed as she left the embassy.
She spent weeks preparing for a visa interview after getting accepted to Westcliff University, a for-profit college in California.
She hired an agency to help, but her visa was rejected with no reason provided; she just received a slip of paper saying she could reapply.
Cheema, 22, hoped to gain work experience in the US before returning to India to support her family.
Her parents, who own a petrol station in the northern Indian state of Punjab, were going to pay with their savings.
"I feel terrible right now," said Cheema, holding back tears.
"But I will prepare more and try again - I'm not giving up."
America's shift toward Indian students is visible on campuses such as the University of Texas, Dallas, where enrolment from China fell from about 1200 to 400 in the past four years.
Meanwhile, enrolment from India grew from about 3000 to 4400.
Rajarshi Boggarapu came to the US to get a master's degree in business analytics and chose UT-Dallas in part because of its large Indian population.
He borrowed $40,000 for tuition, which he sees as an investment in his future.
"We value education more than anything else back in India," he said.
Like many US universities, Johns Hopkins is deepening ties with India.
It has hosted Indian diplomats to discuss health and engineering partnerships and is part of a new task force formed by the Association of American Universities to promote exchange with India.
Before he came to the US, Karkale had concerns about the political climate, but the campus made him feel welcome.
When he couldn't return home for Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights, he was surprised to find a campus celebration that drew hundreds of students and staff.
In a campus gym adorned with colourful flowers and lamps, Karkale watched as student groups performed dances to a mix of new and old Indian music.
There was a Hindu prayer ceremony, and when the dance floor opened up, Karkale joined in.
"It was a memorable evening," he said.
"It made me feel right at home."
Australian Associated Press
